a. Adjective Phrase and Compound Adjective
Adjectives may be simple (dark, hot, young), or in the form of phrases. An adjective phrase, called an adjective phrase, is a combination of the adjective as the head and modifier and / or determiner.
Example of an Adjective Phrase:
• very dark chocolate
• many young married couples
In addition, two possible adjectives can combine to form a new word which is called a compound adjective.
Example of a Compound Adjective:
part-time jobs
oil-free lotion
b. Adjective Position
Adjectives may occupy one of the positions:
Attributive: placed in front of noun (beautiful girls)
Postpositive: behind the noun without a linking verb (someone special)
Predicative: placed after the noun interrupted by the linking verb (example sentence: The lady is beautiful)
c. Adjective Order
If there is more than one adjective in front of the noun, we need to follow the adjective order, which is the adjective order by category: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose.
Example of an Adjective Order:
two happy small blue birds (opinion - size - color)
d. Adjective Degree
• To express a comparison, an adjective can be used in the form: positive degree: comparing equality (She is as good as you in math.)
• comparative degree: to compare two things (Today should be betterthan yesterday.)
• superlative degree: to compare three or more things (He was the best of all of us.)
e. Adjective Clause
Adjective clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective, to explain nouns or pronouns in a complex sentence.
Example of an Adjective Clause:
The student who always goes to school by bus is my friend.
This clause may be reduced (shortened) - reduced adjective clause - by eliminating the relative pronouns and changing the verb used into participles.
Example of a Reduced Adjective Clause:
The student always going to school by bus is my friend.
f. Kinds of Adjectives
• Stative and dynamic adjective: stative characterizes conditions that tend to be permanent (small, black, tall), while dynamic is related to behavior (foolish, friendly, playful).
• Inherent and non-inherent adjective: inherent directly characterizes the number it describes (someone special = special characterizes someone directly ~ someone who is special), while non-inherent is the opposite (my old friend = not “my friend who is old”, but rather old characterizes long-standing friendship).
5. Understanding Adverb
Adverb is a word that serves to describe a verb (verb), adjective (adjective), or other adverbs. This English adverb is one of the eight parts of speech which may be in simple form (fast, there, usually), or in the form of an adverb phrase.
a. Kinds, Functions, and Examples of Adverbs
Here are the types, functions, and examples of adverbs.
• Time (time): states the time of an activity / event (now, today, yesterday).
• Manner (way): states the way an activity is carried out or the event occurs (automatically, beautifully, fast).
• Degree (degree): states how far (level or degree) an activity / event is (absolutely, barely, really).
• Modality (hope): states the level of confidence / expectations (likely, maybe, probably).
• Frequency: states how often an activity or event is carried out or occurs (always, often, rarely).
• Place & Direction (place & direction): states the place and direction of an activity / event (here, in, somewhere).
• Purpose: to answer the question "why" (for a reason, to buy some clothes).
• Focus: shows that what is being discussed is limited to the part that is focused (also, just, only).
Examples of Adverb Sentences:
• Please call me later, I'm studying now. (Please call me later, I'm studying right now.)
• He is watching the football match there. (He was watching a football match there.)
b. Adverb Placement & Order
Adverb Placement: adverbs may be placed at the beginning (Maybe I call her tonight), the middle (They've recently went home), or the end of a sentence (He always drives fast). If there is more than one adverb in a sentence, we need to follow the adverb order rule: manner - place - frequency - time - purpose.
Examples of Adverb Order Sentences:
I took the cooking course for three days every week last month. (I took a cooking course three days a week last month.)
c. Adverb Degree
To express a comparison, an adverb can be used in the form:
Positive degree: comparing equality (She walks as slowly as a turtle.)
• comparative degree: to compare two things (She walks slower than a turtle.)
Superlative degree: to compare three or more things (She runs themost slowest in my class.)
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